Commonly used flame retardants for textiles

Commonly used flame retardants for textiles

1
Classified by flame retardant elements

1. Halogen-containing flame retardant: During the pyrolysis process, X• and HX are decomposed to capture and transfer combustion free radicals. HX can dilute the flammable gas generated when the fiber is cracked, or cut off contact with the air.

2. Phosphorus-containing flame retardants: Phosphoric anhydride or phosphoric acid is produced during the combustion process, which promotes dehydration and carbonization of textiles and prevents or reduces the generation of flammable gases. In addition, phosphoric anhydride forms a glass-like melt when pyrolyzed and covers the fabric, prompting its oxidation to generate carbon dioxide, which acts as a flame retardant.

3. Nitrogen-containing flame retardants: Nitrogen compounds can interact with cellulose to promote cross-linking into char, lower the decomposition temperature of the fabric, and produce non-flammable gases that dilute flammable gases.

2
Classification according to the durability of flame retardant fabrics

1. Non-durable flame retardant finishing agent: temporary flame retardant finishing agent. Most are water-soluble (or emulsion) inorganic salts. During treatment, the flame retardant is first dissolved in water, and the fabric can be used after dipping and drying; there are also two-bath padding, and the second bath uses ammonia or soda ash to deposit metal oxides on the fabric. This method has a simple process and low price, but the fabric has a poor hand feel and the flame retardant effect drops significantly after washing.

2. Semi-durable flame retardant finishing agent: Its flame retardant products can withstand 1-10 times of mild washing, but are not resistant to high-temperature soaping. This method includes urea-phosphoric acid method (commonly called Banflam method), urea phosphate method, and ammonium phosphate-hydroxymethyl ammonium cyanide-methyl vinegar mixed solution method.

3. Durable flame retardant finishing agent: chemical method is used to perform polymerization or condensation reaction on the internal surface of the fiber to form a water-insoluble polymer. Generally, it is required to be washable for more than 30 times. The main methods include Ciba (CP) method and Proban method. The CP method was created by Ciba-Geigy of Switzerland. The processing technology of this method is easy to implement and the flame retardant effect is significant. The disadvantage is that the strength loss of the fabric is large and it has a greater impact on the performance of the clothing. The Prban method was created by Aubrey Wilson Co., Ltd. of the United Kingdom. The fabrics finished by this method have good flame retardant effect, especially the handle and strength retention of the treated fabrics are unmatched by any other finishing method. However, this method is more dangerous, causes serious environmental pollution, and its promotion is limited.

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