Identification of fiber
1. Identification methods:
①Identification methods include hand feeling, visual inspection, combustion method, microscope method, dissolution method, drug coloring method and infrared spectroscopy method. In actual identification, it is often necessary to use multiple methods and obtain results after comprehensive analysis and research.
②The general identification steps are as follows:
A. First, use the combustion method to identify natural fibers and chemical fibers.
B. If it is a natural fiber, use microscope observation to identify various types of plant fibers and animal fibers. If it is a chemical fiber, the differences in melting point, specific gravity, refractive index, solubility properties, etc. of the combined fiber can be distinguished one by one.
C. When identifying mixed fibers and blended yarns, you can generally use microscope observation to confirm that they contain several fibers, and then use appropriate methods to identify them one by one.
D. For dyed or finished fibers, dye stripping or other appropriate pretreatment is generally required first to ensure reliable identification results.
2. Combustion properties of common fibers:
Fiber near flame phenomenon smells ashes after leaving the flame
Cotton burns immediately near flame and continues to burn with afterglow, burning paper smell, ashes are rarely soft and black ash
The wool melts away from the flame and becomes difficult to continue burning. It is self-extinguishing and has a burning smell. It is brittle, fluffy and black.
The silk melts away from the flame. Melts near flame, shrinks, drips, bubbles, continues to burn, weak fragrance, hard round, black and light brown
Acrylic melts, burns near flame, melts and burns quickly, splashes, weak fragrance, hard round, irregular or bead-shaped
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※ Published by Xiaoao Paste on July 19, 2005 at 15:38:05
Reply: Basic knowledge of textiles (you are welcome to add more, the more the merrier!)
Author: [Xiao Ao Paste] I want to reply
Fabric weave
1. Definition: Textiles are made up of two systems of yarns that are perpendicular to each other on a loom and are interwoven according to certain rules. That is, the warp and weft threads sink and float with each other according to certain rules, forming a certain pattern on the surface of the fabric. And pattern, this kind of organization is called fabric organization.
2. Fabric weave classification:
① Original weave: It is a simple fabric weave, also known as basic weave. It includes plain weave, twill weave and satin weave.
② Small pattern tissue: It is formed by the combination of the above three basic tissue changes. Such as mountain-shaped twill and sharp twill.
③ Complex tissue: It also includes dual tissue (mostly woven into thick terry cloth, cotton velvet blanket, etc.), raised tissue (such as corduroy cloth), towel tissue (towel fabric), double-layer tissue (towel fabric) ) and leno organization.
④ Large pattern weave: also called elongated weave, weaving beautiful patterns such as flowers, birds, fish, insects, birds and animals.
⑤ Satin weave: The surface of the cloth is smooth but not strong, easy to scratch, and easy to fluff.
3. Density of fabric: Density refers to the number of warp and weft yarns per unit length of the finished woven fabric. It is commonly expressed as the number of yarns in 10 square centimeters or 1 square inch. Common densities of bedding fabrics: 30S yarn 78*65, 78*54, 20S yarn 60*60, 40S yarn 90*90, 110*80, 133*72, 28S yarn 70*60, unit: root/1 inch.
4. Moisture regain rate of fabric, public weight.
① Moisture regain = (wet weight – dry weight) / dry weight × 100%
Official moisture regain: cotton yarn 8.5%, cotton cloth 8%, polyester-cotton yarn 65/35 cloth 3.06%, Polyester
Cotton 50/50, cloth 4.2%
② Official weight: The weight of the fabric under the official moisture regain is the official weight.
Textile classification:
1. According to their uses, they can be divided into three categories: clothing textiles, decorative textiles, and industrial supplies;
① Clothing textiles include those used to make clothing. Various textile fabrics, sewing threads, elastic bands, collar linings, linings and other textile accessories and knitted garments, gloves, socks, etc.
② Decorative textiles must have more outstanding characteristics than other textiles in terms of variety structure, texture pattern and color matching. It can also be said to be a kind of arts and crafts. It can be divided into indoor products, bedding products and outdoor products, including home fabrics and restaurant and bathroom products, such as: carpets, sofa covers, chairs, tapestries, patches, image covers, textiles, curtains, towels, tea towels, tablecloths, Handkerchiefs, etc.; bedding includes bedspreads, sheets, quilt tops, quilt covers, blankets, towel quilts, pillow cores, quilt cores, pillowcases, etc. Outdoor products include artificial turf, etc.
③ Industrial textiles are widely used and come in many varieties. Common ones include tarpaulins, gun jackets, filter cloths, screens, roadbed cloths, etc.
2. According to different production methods, they are divided into six categories: threads, belts, ropes, woven fabrics, and textile cloths:
① Threads: Textile fibers are processed by spinning Yarn, two or more yarns twisted into a thread;
② Ribbons: narrow or tubular fabrics, called ribbons;
③ Ropes: multiple strands of threads twisted together to form a rope ;
④ Woven fabrics: Fabrics made of interlaced warp and weft are called woven fabrics;
⑤ Knitted fabrics: Fabrics made of yarns intertwined into loops and directly formed clothing items It is a knitted fabric;
⑥ Non-woven fabric: A thin sheet of textile formed by fiber laying without traditional textile technology is called non-woven fabric.
The warp or weft of the fabric
All kinds of fabrics have lengths and widths. The length parallel to the edge of the cloth is called the piece length, and the direction of the piece length is the radial direction of the fabric; The perpendicular length is called the width, and the direction of the width is the weave.The latitudinal direction of the object. When weaving, the yarns used in the radial direction are called warp yarns, and the yarns used in the weft direction are called weft yarns.
Shrinkage of Fabrics
1. Shrinkage of Fabrics
Shrinkage of Fabrics refers to the percentage of fabric shrinkage after washing or soaking in water. Generally speaking, the fabrics with the largest shrinkage rate are synthetic fibers and their blended fabrics, followed by wool fabrics and linen fabrics. Cotton fabrics are in the middle and shrink the most, while the larger ones are viscose fiber, artificial cotton, and artificial wool fabrics.
2. Factors that cause fabric shrinkage:
① Different raw materials of fabrics have different shrinkage rates. Generally speaking, fibers with high hygroscopicity will expand when soaked in water, increase in diameter, shorten in length, and have a large shrinkage rate. For example, the water absorption rate of some viscose fibers is as high as 13%, while synthetic fiber fabrics have poor hygroscopicity and their shrinkage rate is small.
② Different fabric densities have different shrinkage rates. If the longitudinal and latitudinal densities are similar, the longitudinal and latitudinal shrinkage rates are also similar. Fabrics with a higher warp density will shrink more in the warp direction; conversely, fabrics with a higher weft density than warp density will shrink more in the weft direction.
③ Fabrics with different yarn counts have different shrinkage rates. Fabrics with a thicker yarn count will have a greater shrinkage rate, while fabrics with a finer yarn count will have a smaller shrinkage rate.
④ Different fabric production processes have different shrinkage rates. Generally speaking, during the weaving, dyeing and finishing process of fabrics, the fibers have to be stretched many times, and the processing time is long. The shrinkage of fabrics with greater tension will be greater, and vice versa.
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