Fibers of Textile Materials (1): Fibers and Their Classification

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　1. Fiber definition and requirements
Fiber usually refers to a soft and slender body with an aspect ratio of more than 10 ³ and a thickness ranging from a few microns to hundreds of microns. It can be divided into continuous filaments and short fibers. Since fibers are mostly used to make fabrics, they are also called fabric fibers.
As a fabric fiber, it must have certain physical, chemical and physiological properties, including: a certain length and fineness; necessary strength and deformation ability, elasticity, wear resistance and flexibility; certain hygroscopicity, conductivity and Chemical stability, etc. Fibers for clothing and household use must have good coloring properties and should be non-toxic, harmless, non-allergic and physiologically friendly substances; fibers for industrial use must also be environmentally friendly and have special properties.
2. Fiber classification
There are many types of fabric fibers, which are divided into two categories: natural fibers and chemical fibers according to their sources and habits. Or according to British and American habits, chemical fibers are divided into two categories: artificial and synthetic fibers, totaling three categories.
1.Natural fiber
All fibers that are found in nature or are harvested directly from artificially grown plants, hair and secretions of artificially fed animals are collectively called natural fibers. Natural fibers are divided into plant fibers, animal fibers and mineral fibers according to their material source attributes.

Classification	Definition	Composition of substances	Fiber
Plant fiber	Fiber derived from plant seeds, stems, bast, leaves or fruits	The main component is cellulose, and contains a small amount of lignin, hemicellulose, etc.	Such as cotton fiber, hemp, pineapple leaf fiber, bamboo fiber, etc.
animal fiber	Fibers derived from animal hair or secretions	The main component is protein, but the chemical composition of proteins is quite different	Mainly various animal hair fibers and silk fibers
Mineral fiber	Fibers obtained from fibrous mineral rocks	Silica, alumina, iron oxide, magnesium oxide, etc.	Various types of asbestos

2. Chemical fiber
Any fibrous object made of natural or synthetic polymers and inorganic substances as raw materials and artificially finished is collectively called chemical fiber. Its main feature is to complete the process of solution or melt → spinning → fiber under artificial conditions. According to different raw materials, finishing methods and composition, it can be divided into three categories: regenerated fiber, synthetic fiber (also known as “artificial fiber”) and inorganic fiber.

Classification	Definition	Fiber
Regenerated fiber	Fibers made from natural polymers as raw materials to make a slurry whose chemical composition is basically unchanged and highly purified	Regenerated cellulose fiber: such as viscose fiber, Model fiber, bamboo pulp fiber, etc.; Regenerated protein fiber: such as soy protein fiber, regenerated silk fibroin fiber, etc.; Regenerated starch fiber: such as polylactic acid fiber ( PLA); Regenerated synthetic fiber
Synthetic fiber	Fibers spun from monomers made from petroleum, natural gas and some agricultural and sideline products, chemically synthesized into polymers	Mainly six major fibers: polyester, nylon, polyacrylonitrile fiber, polypropylene, vinylon, chlorine fiber, etc.
Inorganic fiber	Inorganic fibers made from natural inorganic or carbon-containing polymer fibers as raw materials, artificially spun or directly carbonized	Mainly include glass fiber, metal fiber, ceramic fiber, carbon fiber, etc.

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AAA��Six major fibers: polyester, nylon, polyacrylonitrile fiber, polypropylene, vinylon, chlorine fiber, etc. Inorganic fiber Inorganic fibers made from natural inorganic or carbon-containing polymer fibers as raw materials, artificially spun or directly carbonized Mainly include glass fiber, metal fiber, ceramic fiber, carbon fiber, etc.