Spinning frame technology
Various spinning machines are basically composed of feeding mechanism, drafting mechanism, twisting and winding mechanism. The function of the feeding mechanism is to extract the roving or sliver and feed it to the drafting mechanism. The drafted sliver is output from the front roller, twisted into spun yarn and then wound on the bobbin. The drafting, twisting and winding functions of most spinning frames are carried out continuously. According to the different twisting and winding mechanisms used, they are called ring spinning frame, centrifugal spinning frame, wing spinning frame, cap spinning frame. Spindle spinning frame and traveling spinning frame, cap spinning frame and traveling spinning frame are rarely used now.
The progress from hand spinning to machine spinning began in the 18th century. After the British Industrial Revolution, the water-driven wing spinning frame appeared in 1769. In 1779, S. Crompton created the walking spinning frame based on the principle of the manual spinning wheel. These were two early spinning frames. In 1825, R. Roberts improved the spinning frame into an automatic spinning frame. This type of machine was widely used in the 19th and early 20th centuries. In 1828, the hat spinning frame appeared. In the same year, J. Thorpe manufactured the ring spinning frame. At that time, the travelers were bent by hand by spinners. After 1830, the formal manufacture of wire rings began. The ring spinning machine can operate continuously and has a high spinning speed, so it has gradually been widely adopted, replacing most of the spinning machines and becoming the most widely used one in modern times.
Drafting mechanism
The drafting mechanism of the spinning frame consists of several pairs of drafting rollers. It is generally an apron type drafting. It can have a long bottom apron type and an upper short apron type or double short apron type. Formula, etc., the bottom roller of each pair of rollers is a steel groove roller, which is arranged along the entire length of the spinning machine and installed in the bearing seat of the roller seat. The middle and rear roller bearing seats can move along the roller seat chute to adjust the distance between the front, middle and middle and rear bottom rollers. This distance is called the roller gauge, which is one of the main process parameters of the spinning machine and can be adjusted according to conditions such as fiber length and pressure. Additional parts such as apron, apron pin and apron frame are often installed between each pair of rollers. During the drafting process, appropriate pressure is exerted on the whiskers composed of fibers, creating an additional friction field to control the relaxation of the fibers. The short leather loop is put on the middle and top roller. The lower apron pin is a curved long pin, and the upper apron pin is a spring swing pin. The gap between the upper and lower apron pins is called the gap, which is one of the main process parameters of the spinning machine. It can be determined according to the number or count of spinning yarn, Roller pressure and other conditions can be selected. The roller pressure value is also one of the main process parameters of the spinning machine. Modern drafting mechanisms often use springs or gas static weighting arms for pressurization. When pressurizing, press down the handle and use the locking mechanism to pressurize the roller; when depressurizing, lift the handle to lift the entire cradle together with the top roller, upper apron and top apron pin.
Twisting and forming mechanism
The spindle is driven by a roller or roller mounted on the main shaft through a spindle belt. Each spindle belt drives 4 spindles, and the tension device maintains appropriate tension to prevent slippage and changes in spindle speed. Some spinning machines adopt a dragon belt drive that is close to the spindle disc. The steel ring is installed on the ring plate, and the forming mechanism drives the ring plate to lift and move, and the spun yarn is wound on the bobbin according to a certain pattern to become the bobbin. The yarn guide hook and the balloon ring used in large packages sometimes rise and fall together with the steel ring plate according to a certain pattern to control the balloon tension and reduce end breakage. The forming mechanism not only controls the short-stroke lifting and lowering of the ring plate, but also makes the ring plate rise a certain distance each time it is raised and lowered, that is, upgrading, so that the spun yarn gradually winds to the upper part of the yarn tube. The tube bottom forming mechanism forms a conical bottom on the yarn tube at the beginning of winding, and finally the yarn is formed.
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