近日，美国科学家开发出的新型防弹背心用绒毛纤维引起业内的广泛关注� According to reports, the fiber is made from a blend of “Kevlar” and “Spectra”, with a weight reduction of 30%. It not only has very high mechanical strength, but also has a soft surface and soft texture after being processed by non-woven technology. Excellent resilience �</p
针对这一产品，业内人士表示，在以为使用者提供更可靠的安全保障为前提的背景下，质轻、舒适、高性能已经成为现代高性能防弹材料的发展方向。
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1. Five major factors affect the bulletproof effect of fabrics</p
据西北工业大学教授孙蓓介绍，对防弹面料而言，防弹作用与纤维面料5方面的因素有关。
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一是纤维的细度。纤维的细度小，在纱中的相互抱合较为紧贴，受力较为均匀，因而提高了成纱的强度。同时，细旦纤维材料的防弹性能也随之提高。
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二是纤维的拉伸强度、模量、断裂伸长率和断裂功等物理性能指标。从理论上说，拉伸强度高、伸长变形能力强的材料，其吸收能量的潜力越大。但在实践中，用于防弹衣的材料并不允许有过大的变形，否则会造成严重的非贯穿性损伤。所以，用于防弹衣的纤维材料，必须要同时具有较高的弹性模量。
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三是纤维的集合方式。纱线作为纤维的集合体，其断裂过程与纤维的断裂过程有很大的差别。纤维排列的伸直平行度、内外层转移次数、纱线捻度等都对面料的机械性能，尤其是拉伸强度、断裂伸长率等指标有重要影响。因此，纱线要尽量少加捻乃至不加捻，这样才可以充分提高纤维的利用率。
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四是织物的组织结构。从理论上讲，要获得良好的的抗冲击性能，应当采用单向、没有交织点的UD技术材料。运用这一技术制成的织物也可以称为无纬布。子弹或弹片的大部分能量可以通过冲击点或冲击点附近的纤维伸长断裂被吸收。也就是说，无纬布消除了面料织物的应力波反射和叠加的负面效应，使应力波的能量向外传播得更快，进而显著提高防弹性能。同时，平行排列的纤维结构也可以大幅度提升面料的整体利用率。
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五是纱线的表面特征。表面光滑、摩擦系数低的纤维受子弹冲击后，纤维间传递能量的能力变差，应力波不能迅速扩散，由此降低了织物阻击子弹的能力。纱线表面油剂、水分的存在，也会降低子弹或弹片穿透材料的阻力，因此，往往要对防弹材料进行清洗和干燥等处理，以提高材料表面的摩擦阻力。
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孙蓓表示，对于防弹衣面料的开发，应兼顾传统材料的改进和新型防弹材料的研发两个方面，将新型高性能材料与传统材料配合使用，达到优势互补� “Through the optimization of raw material selection and ratio, rational design of structure, control of interface performance, and appropriate selection of production processes, numerical simulation methods are flexibly used for theoretical design and performance prediction based on experiments to simplify the design and performance of bulletproof products. Only through testing steps can the functional development and comprehensive performance optimization of the material be achieved, while meeting the economic and functional requirements of the material,” said Sun Bei. �</p
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2Looking forward to the deep combination of aramid and ceramics</p
南京工业大学教授王然认为，从应用的角度来讲，防弹材料需要具备高强度和高弹性模量，同时需要具有一定的韧性。只有在注重材料物理性能指标的同时，关注其稳定性和一致性，才能保证子弹能量被稳定消耗而不发生穿透现象。
After comprehensively analyzing the properties of various materials used in body armor, Wang Ran believes that aramid ceramic composite materials, which have the advantages of good ballistic resistance, simple preparation process, high temperature resistance, and no projectile bounce, are the best candidates for preparing advanced body armor. Material “Aramid ceramic composite materials are mainly used to protect high-threat bullets. The material has become one of the important protective equipment for military engineering, special forces, police and military supplies in the international market. Fortunately, our domestic companies have made great achievements in aramid ceramics. Research on composite materials is not lagging behind.” �王然说道� �</p
据王然介绍，芳纶陶瓷复合材料主要是依靠陶瓷粉碎和断裂吸收能量，同时依靠芳纶背板增强陶瓷的防护能力达到良好的防弹效果。其中，陶瓷的主要作用是钝化、侵蚀和破坏枪弹，以及传递冲击载荷。
王然表示，在整套芳纶陶瓷复合材料中，芳纶背板的作用尤其重要。一方面，可以在陶瓷材料承受冲击的载荷时给予陶瓷足够的刚性支撑，实现陶瓷材料的高压缩性能。另一方面，芳纶背板具有�Absorbs the kinetic energy of bullets and fragments. The production of aramid ceramic composite materials can be divided into two types: direct and cooling solidification. Among them, cooling solidification has a better effect. When cooling and solidifying, the number of bullets penetrating the weft-free fabric in the back panel is within 8 layers. The material safety factor is high, which can make the fabric’s bulletproof performance even better.
孙蓓十分认同王然的观点。她表示，产业链上，纤维加工和复合材料制备两大重要环节都实现突破，国产防弹复合材料可以取得实质性进展。目前，国产芳纶产品和陶瓷基产品的工艺都处于国际领先水平，因此，国产防弹材料下一步的工作重点，是实现两种材料的深度结合。
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